ShodhPatra: International Journal of Science and Humanities

A Comparative Geopolitical Study of Heartland and Rimland Theories in Shaping National Security Strategies

Halford Mackinder's Heartland Theory, and Nicholas Spykman's Rimland Theory are two of the most influential Geopolitical Frameworks; both emphasize that control of either Eurasia's interior (Heartland) or its coastal periphery (Rimland) will provide the basis for achieving global dominance. This Review Paper compares the ways that four of the largest states in the world -- the United States, Russia, China and India -- use Heartland and Rimland Theory concepts within the context of their National Security Strategies and Strategic Planning processes. To address the primary Research Question: "How do the four large states apply Heartland and Rimland concepts in their strategic planning?" The Review Paper analyzes alignments based on documented Policy Documents and academic Literature to compare how the four large states align with each other as related to Heartland/Rimland Theory; for example, the United States has used an Offshore Balancing strategy in the Rimland; Russia is attempting to consolidate control of the Heartland; China is using Hybrid Approaches; and India has assumed the role of Balancer between the two. The Review Paper identifies several findings related to the ways that the four large states have adapted classical deterministic theory in response to the realities of a multipolar world, including the integration of new variables (technology and economics). However, there are also critiques of the limitations of these theories in today's globalized world. Yet, despite the many changes in the international system since they were developed, these theories continue to be important influences in the development of the security posture of the four large states. Overall, this Comparative Assessment illustrates the continued relevance of Geopolitical Theories in the current era of Great Power Competition.