Unpacking The Layers of Oppression : Muslim Women’s Experiences of Islamophobia, Misogyny and Patriarchy in Kerala

Social media presents a double-edged sword for Muslim women in Kerala, offering both empowering opportunities and complex challenges. On one hand, it provides a platform for self-expression, social connection, and community engagement, enabling women to voice their opinions and mobilize for social change. On the other hand, it also exposes them to patriarchal surveillance, religious conservatism, and cyberbullying, which can restrict their autonomy and agency. Furthermore, the perpetuation of stereotypes and biases on social media can contribute to the marginalization and exclusion of Muslim women. Despite these challenges, Muslim women in Kerala are leveraging social media to redefine their identities, challenge societal norms, and assert their rights, making it a vital tool for self-expression and empowerment. Muslim women in Kerala use social media to voice their opinions, share their experiences, and connect with others who share similar interests and experiences. Social media has enabled them to challenge societal norms and stereotypes, and to assert their rights and identities. However, the perpetuation of biases and stereotypes on social media can contribute to the marginalization and exclusion of Muslim women. Keywords : stereotypes, cyberbullying, exclusion, patriarchy, marginalization